Stress And Pain In Labour Health And Social Care Essay

Stress And Pain In Labour Health And Social Care EssayLabour is a serial publication of events that takes place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception through the vagina in to outer world. During labour, the women experience some full stop of stress, discomfort and severe painfulness as her system responds to the effects of physical changes that prepare her to give birth. Labour process is a actual phenomenon. During the labour head mother have stress, anxiety, discomfort and severe pain. A scientific definition of pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or probable tissue damage. The investigator had seen several primigravida mothers during first stage of labour with severe pain and discomfort. During the clinical experience. So that minimizing motherlike discomfort and severe pain perception poor out go of labour. And promoting the maternal comfort the nurse can help the mother to get relief from pain and suffering.The nursing management with ambulation has evidential effect on improve maternal comfort, outcome of labour and reduce pain perception which helps to promote the comfort of the mother and its use is simple and has an real therapeutic care.The main arena was conducted at Maternal and child healthy GOSHA hospital, vizianagaram district Andhra Pradesh. The 60 primi gravida mothers who fulfilled the inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected for the study, out of which 30 mothers were experimental group and 30 of them control group and sample selected by using simple random sampling method by lottery method. Mother who came under group A lottery will come under the experimental group and mother who came under group B lottery will come under control group. After assessing the pre test direct of maternal comfort, pain perception the investigator provided ambulation technique for experimental group. Ambulation is a slow walking for 15mts with the separation of 15m ts assessment of each primi gravida mothers in experimental group. Routine hospital intervention for control group. After the third application the post test level of maternal comfort, pain perception and out come of labour was assessed by using maternal comfort assessment tool and graphic rating scale and scored.The findings of the study revealed that the calculated t value was The t value of the level of maternal comfort between experimental and control group is8.13.The t value of the level of pain perception between experimental and control group is15.1. Thet value of the outcome of labour between experimental and control group is 8.63 which showed low statistical significant at (p

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance Performance

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance Performance headland 1 An important aspect of somatic mathematical operation is the mogul to stay balanced. How may expectations generated by mount up stereotypes influence erstwhile(a) adults balance performance? critically review psychological theory and research relevant to this issue, and discuss broader implications for interventions that may softwargon documentation healthy physical functioning of older persons.Loh Qiu Yan MelissaAbstract old adults face wide range of climb on stereotypes as they age into their golden years. Such flavour cycles made passel question their cognitive ability and physical functions. The effect of age stereotypes led to one facing both positive and shun aspect of life. These constant stereotyping had negative impacts on health and physical function. exclusively with the second of brotherly interactions, it helped older folks acquire a choice in trail a more balanced life. The use of social cybersp aces helped assign their physical and cognitive functioning, giving them the room to dupe independence as well as learning more about their bodily functions.Importance and interventions in adduceing balance performance in physical functioning of older adults.Aging is an inevitable process in living beingnesss where the condition of the bole deteriorates resulting in reduce of functioning. This challenges the physical abilities and cognitive functioning of older people (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012) in instances of performing daily activities such as being mobile enough to bath and surcharge on their own (Clark, Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, 2009). In order to maintain the ability to be mobile and independent in bodily functions at an older age, this is usually accompanied with the decline in physical, mental and sensory abilities. These declines in functions put up affect performance in aras that submit cognition involving fluid intelligence for interpreter retenti on and abilities to reason and explain, along with problem that require administrator control involving vocabulary and word knowledge. Moreover, with the decline in physical functioning, particularly muscle strength and enounce flexibility mostly involves motor tasks and balance such as walking and running results in more dependence on cognitive resources at an older age due to the decline in eyesight and auditory range (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). These physical and cognitive challenges faced by older individuals can become issues potentially leading to age stereotypes caused by expectations and assumptions in limited abilities of older adults (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012).By understanding how aging and age stereotypes take place plays an important role for individuals in realising the anxiety and uncertainty that can further affect cognitive capacity, assuming of own abilities for example intellectual and reasoning abilities (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010), and regula tion of positive and negative feedback attached (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). The cognitive aspect of a person can be affected positively and negatively in ones mind set for example towards a challenging motor task which tests an older persons ability (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). This further challenges the balance performance of an older person who might require more cognitive resources later in life (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). Hence, the importance of understanding aging, age stereotypes, cognitive and physical functions in influencing balance performance can help develop a more positive aspect in maintaining healthy physical functioning.To remedy perform the interventions required for physical functioning of older folks, it is prerequisite to understand the reason behind age stereotypes which can build a negative impact on older folks. One probable reason that can lead to a rise in age stereotypes is by labelling and categorising people into old age gr oups. As a result, it usually occurs where less favourable attitudes argon placed on older adults, viewing them as less productive members of society (Phillips, 2014). This in turn makes individuals come to a conclusion that these deep grow thoughts and beliefs, mind-set and perceptual behaviour actually support age stereotyping (Blaine, 2013). Furthermore reinforcing and heightening their levels of fear and dependency on others through and throughout their aging process (Clark, Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, 2009). These thoughts and fears atomic number 18 further embedded in their mind, altering their mind set thus creates a self-conscious state (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012), which results in self-stereotyping (Levy, 2003), and affecting balance performance which reduces the ability to perform (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012).An example of old age stereotype expressed with the use of cartoons characters in portraying older individuals such as Abe Simpson who is the fa ther of Homer Simpson in The Simpsons cartoon. He was portrayed as a senile and dependent person who appears to be quite difficult to handle at times, also seen as being a burden to his son. This portrayed older adults in a negative stereotypical manner with limited abilities to be independent which is not the case for everyone (Blaine, 2013). However, turn to a different perspective of age stereotyping happening in a workplace environment in the context of Singapore, it proved that there were certain generational differences in the negative stereotypes towards older employees. For example, employees at a younger age felt they had more efficiency towards the aspect of multitasking and creativity compared to older employees whom felt that they have stronger work ethics but think that younger employees have stronger demand towards recognition (Blauth, McDaniel, Perrin, Perrin, 2011). These generational differences were similar in the aspect of comparing the cognitive functioning whi ch is related to balance performance of both groups of people. With better understanding of the cause and reasons for age stereotypes guides older individuals foster a better relationship with their cognitive and body functioning.As much as ageism being a concern, with the constant stereotypical opinions and perception on older people, emotional reactions of these elderly folks are affected in both positive and negative ways (Blaine, 2013). Positive influences and implications can be through social means by interacting with family members, friends and various people from all walks of life. Not only does social interaction help regulate the emotional reactions of older folks it also encourages individuals in integrating with society through social means (Charles Carstensen, 2010). Social networks and interactions also have an effect on cognitive functioning where it is a motivational factor behind a better quality of life and the ability in maintaining independence despite increase in age Furthermore, resulting one to developing more self- efficacy in leading a better functional health. This is due to the body reacting in a positive manner where social interaction has a direct relationship with neuroendocrine and cardiovascular reactivity. Thus, with positive and supportive interactive reactions in the body help to reduce the physiological reactivity that has been linked to endocrine and cardiovascular activity resulting in cognitive decline (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001).In the event of cognitive functioning of an older adult decreasing, there are higher chances of cognitive disorders or impairments such as signs of vascular dementia or Alzheimer to appear (Price, Corwin, Friedman, Laditka, Colabianchi Montgomery, 2011). Hence in order to maintain or increase cognitive functioning, having strong social networks and support in maintaining connectedness can improve ones mental and physical health, resulting in prevention of cognitive decline. Volun tary activities are one of the social network and integrating activities that encourages bonding sessions with different individuals, demands social and mental skills (Charles Carstensen, 2010) provides a sense of purpose and prevents isolation for those who face difficulties at any point in their life (Grimm, Spring Dietz, 2007). The effect of social interaction has a potential and positive influence on cognitive functioning where both fluid intelligence and executive control involve extensive intrinsic cognitive components required during social interaction for example striking conversations with people during bonding sessions and activities. Social integrating activities such as volunteering can help one have a better sense of control over life and physical health by providing support to other older adults and gaining a sense of accomplishment. With the use of these cognitive components can further promote older individuals having better cognitive engagement and functioning (Se eman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001) which are linked to balance performance.Maintaining of balance may seem as a simple and indispensable part in many people, however it is a task that is physical and demands independence in the aspect of an elderly person (Onambele, 2006). Through the field of operation done by Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) tapeed that balance is influenced by social cognitive, affect and assuming of own abilities etc. Thus older adults balance performance can be further strengthened by increasing their perceive abilities in performing and completing tasks. In addition, based on a study done by Levy Leifheit-Limson (2009) similar to Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) where instilling of positive age stereotypes on physical or balance performance help mould a certain level of expectation towards the stereotype led to one conformist to it. As a result this causes one to self- stereotype (Levy, 2003), which affect the performance of the individual s in performing better due to the positive influence. Likewise if it was a negative stereotype, the outcomes are negative. Further implications on how stereotypes can affect balance and physical functioning are neatness of handwriting and repair of walking. This was seen in a study done by Levy (2003) where older adults exposed to negative stereotypes are likely to appear older and frail. The body conditions as observed through handwritings produced seemed to have a little towards illegible due to shaking and unstable movements of the hands which explains that balance performance is affected. In another experiment of exposure to positive stereotyping, the upper of an older adult showed connection between the former and the latter. By exposing them to positive views, makes them self- stereotype themselves towards a more positive and satisfying aspect. The idea of measuring the speed of walking is by how much time is needed for foot to be lifted off the ground and this is measured a s swing time which indicated balance. Therefore, results show that older individuals who were exposed to positive stereotypes had greater swing time in particular to having better balance in their physical movements and their cognitive functioning.In conclusion, age stereotypes, cognitive abilities and physical functions share meaningfully close relationships in maintaining balance performance for older adults. Positive and negative age stereotypes can give significant effects to an older adult which can be misled and neglected at times. This can cause further effects in time and worst if the stereotypes are negative. The use and help of social interaction and network can boost a persons physiological reactivity making one have a sense of accomplishment which promotes social integration. Most importantly it leads older individuals to keep their mind and body in working conditions which allow them practice and maintain independence.ReferencesBlaine, B. (2013). Understanding Age Ster eotypes and Ageism. InUnderstanding the psychology of diversity(2nd ed., pp. 175-186). SAGE Publications.Blauth, C., McDaniel, J., Perrin, C., Perrin, P. (2011). Age-Based Stereotypes Silent Killer of Collaboration and Productivity.AchieveGlobal,1(2), 1-15.Charles, S., Carstensen, L., (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 61, 383-409.Clark, A., Hayes, R., Jones, K. Lievesley, N., (2009). Ageism and age discrimination in social care in the United Kingdom. Centre for Policy on Aging.Grimm, R., Spring, K., Dietz, N. (2007). Volunteering, Life Satisfaction, and Mental health. InThe health benefits of volunteering A review of recent research.Corporation for National alliance Service, Office of Research and Policy Development.Levy, B. (2003). Mind Matters Cognitive and physiologic Effects of Aging Self-Stereotypes.The Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,58(4), P203-P211.Levy, B., Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The s tereotype-matching effect great influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes.Psychology and Aging,24(1), 230-233.Onambele, G. (2006). Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age.Journal of Applied Physiology,100(6), 2048-2056.Phillips, L. (2014). Efforts to Promote Physical Activity Must Battle Ageist Stereotypes. Research in Gerontological Nursing,7(1), 4-5.Price, A., Corwin, S., Friedman, D., Laditka, S., Colabianchi, N., Montgomery, K. (2011). Older Adults Perceptions of Physical Activity and Cognitive Health Implications for Health Communication. Health Education Behavior, 38 (1), 15-24.Schaefer, S., Schumacher, V. (2010). The Interplay between Cognitive and Motor Functioning in Healthy Older Adults Findings from Dual-Task Studies and Suggestions for Intervention.Gerontology,57, 239-246.Seeman, T., Lusignolo, T., Albert, M., Berkman, L. (2001). Social relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy, high-fu nctioning older adults MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging.Health Psychology,20 (4), 243-255.Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27, 14-21. DOI 10.1037/a0025718

Short Story Essay -- Papers Creative Writing Essays

Short Story Once in a small cottage deep in a thickly overgrown forest t here(predicate) was a young boy who lived with his m other, his father and his elder sisters, two of the most beautiful girls in the entire of Ireland. This forest was different to the many others that form a blanket over this enchanted land. The young boy often quarrelled with his sisters and felt that their talents overshadowed him. The two beautiful girls were not only very fair of face but also always endeavoured to do well in their studies and were a great help to the mother near the cottage. One day, a day which seemed unusual to the young boy from almost the moment he woke in the morning, something happened which changed the life of the boy and the life of every Irishman here after. The day had begun with the young boy hearing his mother calling his name in a rather frantic tone. Luke, Luke, sh e called. The young boy feeling the signified of importance rushed down stairs to be meet by his father, mother and grandfather. His mother told him that neither of the girls had been seen since bedtime the previous night and asked him did he know where they powerfulness be or why they may have wandered off. The evening before this influential morning his sisters had decided to take a walk into the forest that meet the cottage. Luke did not wish to not be included in their adventure and so tagged along but always keeping a hardly a(prenominal) paces behind so as not to be seen by the girls and to be told to return to the cottage. He had over heard the girls talking about small creatures that lived in solitude i... ... into a banshee that he must suffer the penance of a horrific death and a eternal spell of bad circumstances upon any Irishman who hereafter dared to disturb a hidden fairy. It wasnt until preparing for the funeral of Luke that the Pare nts remembered his delirious rant but still dismissed it as the senseless ramblings of a dying child. save it is said that at the funeral of Luke ORiley that above the wails of his parents and other mourners could be heard the distinct high-pitched cries of several Banshees. It is also said that Two tiny creatures identical to his sisters could be seen wandering the dark hills around the cottage that was once their home crying in bereavement of their brother which they had taken for granted and would eternally join the other Banshees wailing at the funerals of every Irishman hereafter.

Free Essays: Comparing the Themes of Antigone and Oedipus the King :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Themes of Antigone and Oedipus Antigone and Oedipus, written by Sophocles, are dramatic plays with a tragic ending. The main theme for Antigone is that people sometimes flip to learn the hard way from their mistakes. This theme is expressed in the final four telephone lines of the play. They read, There is no happiness where there is no wisdom No wisdom nevertheless in submission to the gods. Big words are always punished, And proud men in old age learn to be wise. These lines are an master(prenominal) part of the play. They symbolize Creons bad decisions he made, his defiance to the gods, the punishment he went through because of his edict, and the wisdom he gained because of all his mistakes. There is no happiness where there is no wisdom demonstrates how Creon not using wisdom in his decision affected him. By declaring that Polyneices could not have a graceful burial, he went against the gods and the other citizens of Thebess beliefs. This was not a wise decision on his part, and because of it he lost his wife, his son, and his happiness. Creon also defied the laws of the gods. This is what is expressed in the line, No wisdom but in submission to the gods. In Antigone, the edict and decisions that Creon made demonstrated that his law was more important then the gods laws. His defiance of the laws eventually made him believe, by public lecture to Teirisias, that something bad would happen to him, so he gave in to his decision. When he gave into the gods he gained wisdom and learned that his actions would be punished. Creons edict is considered his big words. In the third line it says, Big words are always punished. Creons edict was punished by his loss of happiness. He proclaimed to his city that Polyneices may not be buried, when he did this he was very proud and demanding about his decision. He was determined not to change his mind for anything. These big words that he proclaimed would bring his downfall. Because Creon locked Antigone up, for co nceal Polyneices, she killed herself. Creons son Haimon, who was engaged to Antigone, also committed suicide upon seeing his beloved Antigone dead. Also Creons wife took her own life. If Creon hadnt gone against what was right, by making his laws more important then the gods laws, and issuing his edict, he would not have suffered the way he did.

Critical Review of Article on Financial Statements Essay example -- Ac

A Critical Review of Georgiou, G. (2010) The IASB standard-setting process Participation and perceptions of financial debate users, British Accounting Review, 42 (2), pp.103-118. Dr George Georgiou is a senior lecturer in Accountancy and the director of the MSc International Accounting & Finance course at the Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham. He has the following qualifications BA, MAcc, PhD & CPA. Georgiou is also a PhD supervisor in his research interest topics which lie in write up regulation, bill theory, government accounting and market-based accounting. (University of Birmingham, 2010). As stated by Bruce (2010), financial statement users are often described as the primary users of financial statements. Yet, few financial statement users hurt the time or the preference to get involved in the IASB standard setting process.Georgious article sets out to show the gap in the literature of the amour of financial statement users and the amount of control they have in the accounting standard-setting process. The author states that it is important to financial statement users to believe that their perception and participation is lively in the standard setting process.IntroductionGeorgiou puts forward an argument for financial statement users in that their involvement is material and frequently accounting standard-setters give an comment for the approval of their standards by appealing to the interest of financial statement users.The author verifies the importance of the problem area by referencing Young (2003), who also puts their argument crossways in support of financial statement users. Young (2003) expresses that financial statement users are used in a nutshell to prov... ...or outreach. Available http//www.ifrs.org/News/Features/Spotlight+on+investor+outreach.htm. Last accessed 9 November 2010.Duff, A, Ferguson, J & Gilmore, K. (2007). Issues concerning the employment and employability of disabled people in UK accounting firms An analysis of the views of human resources managers as employment gatekeepers. The British Accounting Review, 39(1), 15-38.Sutton, T. G. (1984). Lobbying of accounting standard-setting bodies in the U.K. and the U.S.A a downsian analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society,9(1), 8195.University of Birmingham. (2010). Profile Dr George Georgiou. Available http//www.business.bham.ac.uk/staff/georgioug.shtml. Last accessed 5 Dec 2010.Young, J. J. (2003). Constructing, persuading and silencing the rhetoric of accounting standards. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(6), 621638.

The American Civil War Essay -- US History North South Civil War

The American Civil War was from 1861 to 1865 it was a civil war between the United reconciles of America and the Southern slave states of the newly-formed Confederate States of America nether Jefferson Davis. The married couple included all of the free states and the five slaveholding border states and was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party. Republicans opposed the expansion of slavery into territories have by the United States, and their victory in the presidential election of 1860 resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office. The Union rejected secession, regarding it as rebellion. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a large volunteer army, then four more Southern states declared their secession. In the wars first year, the Union assumed control of the border states and establi shed a naval blockade as both sides massed armies and resources. In 1862, battles such as Shiloh and Antietam caused massive casualties unprecedented in U.S. military history. In September 1862, Lincolns independence Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal, which complicated the Confederacys manpower shortages. In the East, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won a series of victories over Union armies, but Lees reverse at Gettysburg in early July, 1863 proved the turning point. The capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by Ulysses S. Grant completed Union control of the Mississippi River. Grant fought bloody battles of attrition with Lee in 1864, forcing Lee to defend the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Union general William Sherman ... ...s Plaza in Cadman Plaza and the Korean War Veterans Parkway, which was known as the Richmond Parkway until it was renamed in April 1997 by the New York State Legislature. The Vietnam War MemorialThe Vietnam Veterans Me morial recognizes and honors the men and women who served in one of Americas most divisive wars. The memorial was conceived and designed to make no political statement some(prenominal) about the war. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a place where everyone, regardless of opinion, can come together and remember and honor those who served. By doing so, the memorial has paved the way towards rapprochement and healing, a process that continues today. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial accomplishes these goals through the three components that comprise the memorial the Wall of names, the Three Servicemen Statue and Flagpole, and the Vietnam Womens Memorial.

Spanish Languages Influence on the Puerto Rican Identity Essay

Spanish Languages Influence on the Puerto Rican IdentityThe initial occupation of Puerto anti-racketeering law by the Spaniards carries an important implication for wrangle as part of the Puerto Rican identity. The Spanish language was imposed upon the inhabitants of the island, the Tainos, in the sixteenth century, when the Spanish inhabited the island in 1502, after the Spanish conquerors claimed the island in the name of Spain in 1493. Eventually, the Spanish had moved out or taken over the ways of the old and their culture infiltrated that of the Taino to create a new dimension of the first storey, where the Spanish language was incorporated as the building blocks of the foundation of the Puerto Rican identity (Figueroa, Sept.15). The Spanish maintained control over the island until 1898, when Spain relinquished Puerto Rico to the United States as a result of the Spanish American War. This change begins the construction of the third storey (the second storey involved the economi c and political growth of the island under Spanish rule). The 400 years of Spanish history and influence on the island caused conflict for notions of identity and has great impact on Puerto Rican identity. Although the Spanish had come to the island and taken over, decimating the constitutional Taino population, Puerto Ricans now take pride in the fact that the Spanish contributes to their identity (a result of acculturation), and that they are a (mainly) Spanish speaking nation. Although it wasnt initially intended to be, the attainment of Puerto Rico resulted in the island becoming an unincorporated territory (http//Welcome.ToPuertoRico.org/history.htm). The passing of various acts, such as the English Only Act (1902), the Foraker Law (1900- establishing un... .... From Negrn-Muntaner and Grosfoguel (Eds.), Puerto Rican Jam Essays on Culture and Politics. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 257-285. Rivera, Angel, Q. Music, Social Classes, and the National Question in P uerto Rico. In Glasser.Scarano, Francisco. Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico, 1815-1849 An Overview, from Scarano, 1984, Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico The Plantation Economy of Ponce, 1800-1850. Madison U of Wisconsin Press. pp.3-34 Tras-Monge, J. (1997). The Shaping of a Colonial Policy. From Tras-Monge, Puerto Rico the Trials of the Oldest Colony of the World. New Haven Yale University Press, 36-51.Walker, Rich. (1998). A Multicultural option to Language and Nationalism. Http//frontpage.trincoll.edu/rwalker.Waxer, Lise. (October 29, 1998). Puerto Rican Music Between Rafael Hernandez and Rafael Cortijo.