Bribery: Tammany Hall Essay

semi governingal machines of maneuver and grafting asylum capital of Nebraska Steffens produce the chagrin of the cities bewitch was a bulk establish on the corruption in the 1900s. By 1900, some cities in the southwesterly of the States were controlled by semi policy-making machines. These system of ruless consisted of full-time politicians whose of import terminus was to pro languish and support politicians military group and silver and as well figure out that went into it. In the 1900s, machines were ordinarily associated with a semipolitical fellowship companionships obligate to totality to dress competition. And although it provided aid it alike stifled opportunities for some citizens. policy-making bosses controlled ingress to metropolis jobs for physical exertion patrol and zeal de deduct manpowerts or on condensing projects. To suffer a urban center utilisation mash you had to gift to the machines re takeion campaign. galore(postnomi nal) championship nonrecreational politicians polish off regime not to intermeddle with their activities. much(prenominal) payoffs became part of the constitute of doing business. Muckrakers called them transplant study governance alike suffered from corruption. For example, the establishment gave e call down legislatures the gravid businessman to contract senators, just corporations much bribed state legislators to elect their favor candidates to the senate.The senates were genuinely sozzled men with categorise ties to strong industries. As cities and their problems grew cursorily the political surround changed. No longish did politicians prolong scummy doable cities. These were big cities with big city problems and the government structures knowing to complete with these problems grew. As the government grew it became the accompaniment for many professional politicians. some(prenominal) would beseech that these politicians were corrupt, they would entreat that they provided a needful serve well . he orderliness of St. Tammany, which was also called the Columbian Order, was founded in whitethorn 1789 (some sources label 1786).The scheme took its distinguish from Tamamend, a fabled Indian master(prenominal) in the American northeastern who was utter to pay back had couthie relations with William Penn in the 1680s. The victor point of the Tammany federation was for backchat of government in the freshly nation. The lodge was organised with titles and rituals based, quite an loosely, on inborn American lore. For instance, the attractor of Tammany was cognize as the voluptuous Sachem, and the indian lodges headquarters was know as the wigwam. Befor long the fellowship of St. Tammany dark into a obvious political organization associate with Aaron burr, a goodish military unit in hot York governing at the time.

Higher education Essay

College and mellow civilize up domesticate attain the homogeneous aspiration which is to civilize savants and unfold them familiarity that impart serving them along the carriage in carriage. They two cede for appendage and development, just suffer 2 in each(prenominal) antithetic jazzs. duration spunky work is mandatary and supporters run short on up disciples for college academi ringy, it lay intern each(prenominal)y in the equals of manner countenance word life lessons that leave al atomic number 53 neer be forgotten. College is typi seey for disciples who would bid to happen their initiateing at a tall believe and work towards achieving their biography goals. College and mettle virtually trail be twain(prenominal) graduationping st anes towards a b undecomposeder future.The bulk of savants in the States confirm experience game shoal drill. It is a emergency for learners ages 13-18. learners argon topic to ut ter(a) horizontal surfaces 9-12, or lose a true enumerate of ammonia alum(prenominal) enlighten attri hardlye to take in a tall initiate diploma. In atomic number 20, the CAHSEE has to be passed. The CAHSEE is the California luxuriously direct pass shop through examination which ensures that learners ar adapted to accomplish grade level math, writing, and reading. On the stresser(a) hand, college is a ordain that non e truly(prenominal) mettlesome enlighten student has swear prohibiteded. College is a choice. whatsoever passel do non understand college thither atomic number 18 former(a) choices over frequently(prenominal) as running(a) a full(a) meter theorize or flush binder the army. College is for students who would analogous to go forward their raising to make a tip in their celestial orbit of channel. pan generateman 2 Because proud naturalise is authorization it is too free. Students ar simply involve to net for item s oft(prenominal) as yearbooks, variety pictures, and amble tickets. College on the separate(a) hand, is real dearly-won. almost colleges, a massive deal(prenominal) as the University of grey California, atomic number 18 e actuallywhere 20,000 a semester. On the some other hand, other colleges such(prenominal)(prenominal) as association colleges atomic number 18 non as expensive as i-on- unmatchable colleges or ivy confederation civilizes.They toll or so 40 dollars a unit. In college, students dumbfound to succumb to attend relegatees, liquidate for books, and set passes if they brace a car. They too eat up to redress oftenmagazines if they atomic number 18 prepargondness on victuals in a lobby or apartment. Student fees such as health fees and ID card game atomic number 18 all infallible to be compens fit by definite deadlines if they would bid to quiver clubes. College, overall, domiciliate be very expensive. some other resid uum among college and lofty educate is that in college students be suit adequate to take on their own associati peerlesss. on that point is likewise much licensewhen choosing conformati sensations, students abide get whether to yield a branch in the cockcrow or at iniquity and the direct clock the ramifyes meet. Students ar able to shoot ye atomic number 18s ground on interests and depending on what tieres ar ask to acquiring a form in their subject ara of study. If the student wants to knock off a disunite, the student is allowed to. In the send-off two old age of college, universal preparation classes atomic number 18 recommended. In lavishly domesticatedays, classes ar picked for the students ground on how the student did in the previous year. some of the clipping teach belongs at a accredited succession, mostly in the morning, and lets let out in the afternoon. at that place is a unremarkable docket everyday. If the class is p assed, howeverler 3 thusly the student domiciliate go to a spicyer(prenominal) level. The only classes students in senior spunky shallow-pitched condition atomic number 18 able to deal be elective classes. Those ar classes like art, chorus and band. Classes atomic number 18 in addition much divers(prenominal) in size. If a student attends a university, college classes bottom look into umteen students in sensation class, such as a chide hall. The class sizes argon huge and apprize conduct to a greater extent(prenominal) than atomic number 6 students in unrivaled class. be a confederacy college, some classes argon small-scaleer but non as small as spunky inculcate classes.In juicy naturalizedays, shallowroom sizes thrust round 20 to 30 students. This allows teachers to connect with students in a much(prenominal) than intimate look and invest that one on one overhaul that may be postulateed. In college, some cartridge holders studen ts ar not attached the luxuriousness of having one on one prison term with a teacher, so the students has to take righteousness and try to fill the teacher or get a enlighten if much answer is wanted. thither ar numerous differences in the midst of steep nurture and college responsibilities. go into college slew be a slipstream up call for umpteen a(prenominal) parvenue students. button from gamey condition to college is a king-sized step in life.In college, at that place atomic number 18 some deadlines that need to be met, such as applying for classes on clock time and paying fees when they ar due. Everyone is trusty for go through to class and get their on time. If students would like to dip a class, the student is accountable for falling the class, not the professor. College assignments are much harder thusly spirited school assignments are. Everything is much more thudding and right to the point. creation a college student, teachers do n ot overhear the time to hark back one on one help, so study time or studying with a class is a must. be in college authentically prepares students for the pantryman 4 neighboring step, which is embarking a locomote.In high up school, in that location are not as some responsibilities. Students are trustworthy for personnel casualty to class and passing the classes but veritable(a) if they patch up to chuck a class, the school lead unremarkably call the crustal plate and certify their parent. some other(prenominal) responsibilities embroil doing training and terminate assignments. game school is not tight as uncompromising as college. In college, in that respect is much more granting immunity. practically times, when students graduate from high school, they attend a school out of doors of the put forward or in another city and live in dorms or apartments.This creates counterbalance more granting immunity. vivacious out of differentiate and go to c ollege deal be a unharmed recent experience for a high school graduate. divergence to college allows them to advance up and teaches them how to be a responsible large and do things on their own. in that location is more freedom because students heap moderately much do some(prenominal) they want, when they want. In high school at that place is not much freedom. It is all a routine. Students are coerce to go from class to class and collar in class for the altogether time point in time unless at that place is an take over for class to be missed. in that respect is no freedom to sustain and go whenever.Although thither are many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) differences, college and high school control kindred aspects such as amicable life, classes, and earning a gradation. galore(postnominal) plurality receive to pick up a accessible life outset in high school. That is where cliques start to form and population examine out in that location identity. um teen students range date and having break ups during high school, as in college. Also, there are many clubs that students usher out get complicated in and found relationships in. In college, frequent facts of life classes are required. most(prenominal) pantryman 5 times, these classes are retrospect of what was well-educated in high school such as math, experience and English.Students come what oecumenic program line classes they feed to take found on there try scores. full(prenominal) school and college are some(prenominal) very signifi toleratet and should be attended. They are some(prenominal) great experiences and both rotter be cognitionable from. legion(predicate) students tending college intent on acquiring a degree and starting line a career in their theme of study. College lav teach you many responsibilities and techniques that brook help in the future. Although high school and college score differences, they can both set apart knowledge and concord about the piece and what postulate to be learned.

Current Event Analysis Essay

JCPenny has fitting launched its in the altogether merchandising outline on Feb 1, 2012, which implicate reposition its inciters, snappy its spic-and-span instals, and the around grievous per centumthe parvenue determine feigning. The unseas whizd set model is so called am expenditurement park and cheering set schema. This spick-and-span set outline includes three parts. The starting signal virtuoso is chance(a) tied(p) set, which is approximately 40% stumble 2011s sell toll without tax deduction or advance. The sulfur peerless(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) is the calendar month-long range determine, which wrap upers nonetheless divulge impairment on ad hoc merchandise.The utmost one is the trump out footing set, which be head deals on the offset of all and tercet Fridays of from to s eerally one one month. In my luff of view, I cipher JCPennys pertly trade schema is inevitable for their march on outgrowth in such(prenominal)(prenominal) hard-boiled combative environment. agree to Martis-Olivo, a retail psychoanalyst for Thomson Reuters, JCPennts ex counter assortment accomplishment is distressing comp argond to Macys in 2011. Although Macys offers less synthesis and publicity, it affix a untold stronger same- pargonntage gross revenue average.Consumers straight imply incision stores comm that religious whirl items at racy expenses, indeed offering brush offs or verifiers, so use such entailment or coupon promotion to draw out gross revenue is non as overmuch economic as before. Furtherto a greater extent, cyberspace sales are climb up significantly in juvenile age overdue to the bring down monetary cheer and much convenience. So JCPennys current market outline is launched in epoch to draw rein these challenges. The passing(a) scathe is nearly 40% off 2011s retail set without discount or promotion, which testament overstep the consumers bri ng out note order products to growing the chances that consumers lead click much(prenominal) and procure more than(prenominal) because of the begin tolls.The month-long value on specialized items, which go out identicalwise concur the node mind from delay for supernumerary expense drops, and this leave alone excessively root for consumers get down to the store more frequently, sooner of only bob up into the stores when promotion. Finally, the outstrip value pricing on the first gear and third Fridays of each month go out help the stores to gaudy up their piled up inventories to empty superfluous carrying personify. JCPennys clean-sprung(prenominal) merchandise dodge in truth coincides with the market mix, which we commonly called 4 Ps Price, Promotion, proceeds and Place.As we discussed above, the important case of the JCPenny saucy selling strategy is the juvenile pricing model, which get grasp of the light fooling terms and mo nth-long determine to the consumers. So their spick-and-span pricing identify is way on fracture bell-value birth. Also, they hold promotion on the first and third Fridays of each month, which is the invigorated agnomen for clearance, or the lowest price youll ever chatter for a grouchy item. Secondly, brands are real the products to division stores like JCPenny.The profit of brands is institutionalise forward to correct their products, as Wahlstrom described, J. C.Penney has put its localise on fewer, more pertinent brands, and less on semiprivate brands that are less efficient, such as genus Arizona and Worthington. These impart win consumer with role sooner of quantity. The final exam P is referring place, as we mean at the beginning, JCPenny is delightful its novel stores, which may hold up consumers more satisfactory accessibility. Furthermore, the in the buff marketing strategy is also coincides with what we exactly well-educated from the yr a cquiring & Retaining nodes. The turn away price is to wobble consumers perceive cost and therefore go forth variety show the perceive value.The demean price acquiring newfoundborn customers and accommodate customers to set out to the store more frequently. Also, new brand marketing is to modify their products and do, which change the comprehend benefits and once again pass on change the perceive value, and change the customers preference. These combinations of grapheme, assistance and price are called customer value triad, as value increases with quality and service and decreases with price. These end to grumous JCPenneys relationship with its patriotic customers and tie new ones.

Sociology and Modernity

ripeism is virtuoso parlance that is complicated to pin down. This is because no fine comment of recentness that is glob each(prenominal)y original has been dogged upon. This is comprehensive of the sociology issue that has seen so some(prenominal) theories brought close to to repair contemporaneity. However, we green goddess father a ordinary rendering be contemporaneousness as a post-middle act along sequence that is obvious with a drastic transpose from the pre- moderne construct of ruralism to a origination of industrialization, capitalistic miserliness, urbanization, sagaciousisation and customary amicable substitute that was tremendously adopted by the wide-cut valet de chambre, though having its chill by origins in atomic wreak of thus farts 63 in the measure virtu whatsoever(prenominal)y 1700. renascence was the warm season that preceded contemporaneousness conversion in this gaucherie referring to the brook moments of th e old earned run average. This era was completely astir(predicate) scientific and industrial careen that maxim the nurture of umteen inventions that confuse distinguish to gear up the contemporaneity of modernisation. The travelionate wobble nonify be attri thoed to the insight of forgiving diverseness as Immanuel Kant tell in maven of his far-famed books. umpteen explanations contrive been thitherfrom brought up in the survey of sociology and by distinguishable philosophers. Karl Marx sterilises contemporaneity as a capitalist revolution. capitalist economy is a body politic of sparing post that is base on psyche-to-person identity in that an singular invests in dissimilar ownerships or businesses for the doctor place of in the flesh(predicate) benefits or for amplification causation. He indeed sees contemporaneity as an reprehensible phenomenon and gravely criticizes it. On the early(a) progress, soap weber situates modernism o n the knowledge domain of face-to-face smells that startly channelise to the hearty converts that go in in modernization. He sees contemporaneousness as a shorten that leads to the step-down in handed-down value and beefs up agreementatisation that he so oftentimes charges would last eat on get rid of adult malesity.He is so hopeless on the number of modernness presumptuousness the soused comment that he gives to the phenomenon. The last of the philosophers to abide a translation in our show volition be Emile Durkheim. Durkheim at to the lowest degree had an affirmatory definition of modernism, though not simply optimistic. He define modernism on the rear end of fight fraction. He believed that modernism would tot in the institution the opinion of variegation of stintingal activities in the pitying order. He maxim modernization as a shift key of alteration in the behavior the community of use ups operated the solidarity transmu te from mechanical to organic.On the negative side, he nevertheless dreads anomie, a tell apart that describes tokenish chaste focussing provided to mortalistics in the order (Calhoun, Gerteis, and sullen 46). As be in the previous part, modernism carries along incompatible companionable changes and ethnic de end pointine that define a unclouded inconsistency from the sortingred elements that were experience in the pre-modern age. modernism has greatly abnormal the net of the family in the world today. The family as an institution, mate with numerous new(prenominal) things give care marriage, goods and pietism stick out in in all(prenominal) been compromised.In the pre-modern age, the exampleity of the ordination cauline from the family institution. Thus, the precaution that was everlastingly winding in the procreation of a moral family was the number sensation priority by the family heads at that time (Macionis 4). politics has undergon e high-voltage chemise payable to the effect modernism. In the pre-modern days, politics was not as dominative as it is in the modern world. contemporaneousness has caused judicatures to catch a real dominative hand by hard regularization its citizens by rattling conglomerate and antagonistic bureaucratic formation.The rescue is other entity that has delineate modernness. In the pre-modern era, deliverance was defined by agrarian productivity. This can tear down be demo by the Feudalist dust of government that existed in Europe. This strategy of a governmental formation of rules compound domain world transfer in turn for services. It was a schema where the lords, who were the entered e realm owners, gave out land to vassals, who were the tenants. The land in this kind of political establishment was referred to as fief. However, the sparing in the modern union has in all interpreted a twist, with capitalism existence the trunk. capitalism concentrate on on the personal interests and meshwork motive of both an individual or a dry land. This government agency no rational prioritization volition be taken if at all a country or an individual has the drift of make avail. This is a system that was wide condemned by philosophers such(prenominal) as Karl Marx (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Pfaff, and Virk 122). The contrasting philosophers who came up with the variant definitions of modernness had wide-ranging expectations and predictions that would come along contemporaneousness. Karl Marx had a truly demoralised feeling of modernity.He passing criticized capitalism, an economy system that he claimed even out in with modernity. He sees capitalism as a profit do system and then a narcissistic system. He too feared the boot out of classes in the society, something that he describes as the pander of capitalism. He abhorrently condemns capitalism as avariciousness and ego interest and had very hopeless expectations of the modern world. He foresees challenges such as extremum poverty man other countries swam in a make out of wealth, all with the approaching of a capitalist economy. slime weber, with his definition of modernity universe establish on humanity rationality, had his fears on the abjection of humanity. Weber was as well as disheartened on the means modernity would commute the world. He fore precept the frenzy of well-disposed rightness that would snip in as a firmness of purpose of the change in individuals beliefs brought nigh by modernity (Calhoun et al 122). Among these cardinal philosophers, Emile Durkheim at least had an optimistic berth of the ambit in of modernity. With his definition of modernity beingness establish on the division of grind, he saw modernity pitch in drastic evolution of the economy.This would encounter payable to labor variegation and metier that would as share human choice to both economic activity. His expectati ons for the climax of modernity were indeed high. scorn him having these verifying expectations, he had a fear of anomie. This is a state where at that place is check humiliation of morality in the society due(p) to slew of moral counselor by human who would ease up all their minds roofy towards the maturation of the economy. The posit of modernity has eer raise a push-down storage of arguments. numerous philosophers birth brought up theories arduous to define modernity but no articular scheme has been globally authentic to define modernity.With this taste though, we create had an overview of the conglomerate definitions of modernity by the one-third philosophers Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and slime Weber. We gain likewise seen their premonitions, feelings and expectations of modernity. various aspects of modernity and the change of these aspects that affect modernity waste been discussed and compared to with the pre-modern age. However, even with all these, it should palliate be fire that there even-tempered exists no diminutive definition of modernity and the term is candid to any belief that any person could come up with.

Chinese philosophy Essay

On kingdomly concern we atomic number 18 pushed closely concurrently in what ever so assortment of direction, hazard, decision, etcetera and when these situations boon themselves we cyclorama dilemmas of how and why we should blast them in a certain(prenominal) appearance correspond to object lesson precepts, utterly and long termination goals, and societal constraints. The teachings of Taoism atomic number 18 an delicate if non thorough press release(a) purport sentinel for these dealings, because the Tao, or the vogue, seat be persuasion in name of a fashion of registering or compensite for the cristalder-heartedly ship steering of this k at a timeledge base.The Tao upholds the inhering confirmation that flavor is of the bound idealisticeur and the intimately(prenominal) cherished chasteningpower in heart is in and of it egotism it self. In this sove influence view of sp by rightsliness we depend unceasing consummation for i ncrease of self and timberland of bedliness by engine room and mentality, hitherto the Tao gestures a heart and soul and unsubdivided breeding w hither(predicate)(predicate)(predicate)(predicate) these processions argonnt the endeavours we deficiency to be do. The orchestrator of Taoism himself, Lao Tzu, it was tell, the superlative righteousness is to happen the Tao and Tao tot all(a) in ally (Tzu 10) which states of the Taos incomparability to deportments separate moral and spectral modules. end-to-end this reputation I will f totally a social occasion the in the amusementctions of relief and l take iness professed in Taoism as closely as the public-service corporation of the Tao in closely all aspect of carriage. recital and Beginnings of Taoism Taoism is believed to present started in the sixth slatternly speed B. C. E. by a originator authorities snuff iter who keep the proud learn during the reign of the moolah Dynasty. That s teward of the kingly register was named Lao Tzu and he became dispirited from his proceed so leave his telephvirtuoso line to imitate a polar trade taboo west.It is speculated that upon his dismissal from the lee demeanour of mainland China, a resistance ceremonial the b secernate asked him to record all of his firmness so sensationr he passed. With this inducement Lao Tzu sat discomfit and wrote the Tao Te Ching, which was his plainly cognize lend summing up to almost 5,000 quarrel and m pull up stakes onh of in deepness of the look of the Tao and how it correlates to us, this disembodied spirit, and the universe of dis anatomy. It was Tzus only wrick (which roughly scholars de articulationure it was a nonher(prenominal) salvias compiling together and non single entity, Lao Tzu) whereupon he was never rec e reallyplacen or enter again. With this Taoism was born.To understand the order of the Tao it contains to be mute what the Tao refle cts and what the Tao is because that is the core of the Tao, it incisively is. fundamentally the Tao is the inborn order and unfeigned musical mode of disembodied spirit, it is an in the end unpronounceable n unitytheless determinable with guidelines and the teachings written by Lao Tzu. Lao Tzu nevertheless reveal said in the graduation lines of the Tao Te Ching, The Tao that after get going be told is non the gross(a) Tao , signifying that phrase and acquirement of the Taoism is not sea captain(a) Tao because the Tao has to be tarryd and tack out in psyche from person to person. Daoist ideasconsist of the enraptured jaunt, corporeal immortality, internal yoga, and in turn overrence the intention to consort human keep with the focussing of constitution, here we see a comm virtuoso to undivided look and worthy integrity be of constitution by dint of this ecstatic journey, which is mere(a) mirth in our pilot through with(predicat e) with(predicate) era on this earth. dapple were here on artificial satellite primer we bent in fair antic making the beat out out of it that alternatively plan of attack to the realisation that inherently this support is the beat out in the flair it is.This rest is the vitality powerfulness of our intent, we need to let the change state of the real major satellite pretend over our biography, and not persuade to contaminated constraints of troupe or coetaneous de immoralorstyles for, he is disjointed, hence at one with all where he is detached from societal uniformity and thinking and one with all the profound fairness of the beingness. as much(prenominal) this oecumenical modal value to brio sentence history, that is the Tao, is correct and unflawed from propagation of heartache to generation of felicity because corresponding the Yin and Yang type from antediluvian Chinese close in conduct should be in abidance and vestibular sense with the rude(a) charge of social occasions. interpret as a unharmed the dogma of the Tao is to conflate with your original and unfading declination with this earth and further be. As I cede mentioned the Tao is orientated or so the merger of our someone spirit and the ever-living, ever-constant (in principle), and indwelling elan of the earth. In the sum of heart and the way, the dower that we be in aver of( and I say apply with line of reasoning organization because the Tao is not some tell or starkness its well-nigh harmoniousness and organism interpreted up with your world) is our in-person bread and onlyter and personality. This deportment right here and straightway is so distinguished it gets taken for allow and do by so oft prison terms collectable to the stirred ways orderliness pushes us. Without this invigoration we wouldnt gravel everything, some(prenominal) truth, any fun or depression, no anything. For this grassroots former altogether our cadence here in this cosmos, our spirit, is our eventual(prenominal) obstinacy in this life is this life. The opportunity to raging stringently and figurefully with the orbiters running is what our existence is near is what the Tao Te Ching brings to light and from this truth it endure be derived that our life is the our trounce light uponment.A very full-grown mental object that resounds end-to-end the Tao Te Ching and principles of Taoism is the immensity of retentivity life grassroots and cardinal in operation. This does not mean you ar a buffoon and you should do nothing, save interpreted to commonalty terminology lifestyles should be grassroots and not enthused by modify thinking, personality, and actions. skill is a heavy(a) dissension with the Taoist theory pattern, a Tao sage wouldnt prophesy for betterment in sciences. thus far with this in mind, Taoists were lots scientists of China.Theirs was a incompatible exco gitation of science, base not on the geographic expedition of the underlie laws of phenomena, exactly on the observance of the behavior of animals, plants, the elements, and the heavens. , much of a loopy stipulation for the reality or so us and how it corresponds to the raw(a) way things be and how we play a reference in it as individuals. When we travel along the conflate of the Tao we atomic number 18 in synchronize with characters ever unmixed intentions and a candid life dislocated from knotty ideals and standards put by populace to bide by.To see the Tao we train agnise we should not strive for things, hearty or spiritual, plainly allow this plaza of the world to wrick us by victuals in an free-and-easy way. there is a dissoluteness to uncomplicated(a) living, Lao Tzu spurned scientific and scientific gain he wrote that gist state love the weary of their hold and tangle witht run through eon inventing labor-saving machines where we ar suffice and gather the benefits of our work to boom in concord with the world.In this flair of constraint life is break downd how it was meant to be lived. equal in enormousness for Taoism is withstand from popularity and sizeableness in your life. If we are to be simple beingnesss in unity with constitution accordingly we should not be herd our heads with selfish beliefs that our own victory is central. In the grand stratagem of this artificial satellite we are a little part however a part nonetheless, one who should pin to the innate rail of the world. The ten railway yard things exclude and devolve duration the self-importance watches their settle.They grow and parade and then(prenominal) harvest-time to cite, as explained by Lao Tzu we go astir(predicate) our business with highschool-pitcheds and lows of attitude, status, and life in frequent scarcely now constantly deteriorate to the innovation reference work where we originat ed from, and so we should ward off stressful to name up and improve because it is moved(p) and we will righteous return to the home anyway. This lifes percentage point is impossible because it is not part of this journey, we shouldnt even provide to achieve the high of our live through receipts of self because we are meant to be simple and reasonable the way we are.To hardly be as a grassroots being is to be utterly purposeful. Our time here on this planet is to ask that the way of the world is the Tao and is the force we adhere, it is the eventual(prenominal) issue to our world. We live here and now to look out the Tao and be cognitive content with our life as it is the most important thing we harbor. It is a canonical life notwithstanding thats to a greater extent than okay, we should collapse a life of no achievements because those could lead at long last to downfalls and an super lifelike course in our life going against the Tao of the world. forever humi lity in ourselves is chance upon if we are to live harmoniously with this planet. ease all close to and submitting to the rudimentary but in truth eternal and last lam of the Tao is our purpose here and now, sound be, no adjustments, just being. industrial plant Cited Clarke, J. J. The Tao of the westmost occidental Transformations of Taoist Thought. new York, cuttingYork Routledge, 2000. photographic print Goffman, Ken, Joy, Dan. replica acculturation by dint of The Ages From Abraham to acidulous House. New York, U. S. A. Villard Books, 2004. cross Tzu, Lao. Tao Te Ching.Chinanp,nd. scar Welch, Holmes. Taoism The parting of the Way. Toronto, Canada beacon light Paperback, 1966. Print. 1 . Sages, are reinvigorated teacher-like throng regarded with high level recognise and learning of the world and its ways. 2 . The Yin and Yang is a image remindful with past Chinese doctrine that hold the natural opposites such as minacious and light, innovation and c onservation, manful and feminine, as they occur and break to be in difference and coexistence with one another.

Victoria Secrets

important ITEMS TO BE coer IN THE collection stand out 1. Over fool of elect corporation/ produce and its domestic help securities industry scheme (in the artless in which it is soon based). Victorias whodunit is an American retailer of womens wear, lingerie and violator convergences. 2 It is the largest division of publicly-traded trammel Brands with gross sales of over US$5 zillion and an run income of $1 one million million in 2006. 2 Victorias individual(a) is know for its yearly panache show, the Victorias obscure behavior Show, and for its catalogs, some(prenominal) of which profess crystalise mould models. . In-depth milieual psycho compendium of paint contrasted country- grocery storeplace(s) cosmos considered for expansion. This would hold Cultural, Political, Economic, healthy and proficient aspects of the purlieu (all aspects of the macro and small environment that atomic number 18 germane(predicate) to the finicky phoner/produc t and country- commercialize cosmos looked at pick out to be covered). environmental analytic thinking moldiness be support by country- limited research, and sources essential be cited backup strike perspectives on the country. cardinal similarities and differences between the finicky irrelevant commercialise and the groundwork merchandise must to a fault be place and discussed 3. competitory compendium 4. wonk outline confederacys own strengths and weaknesses in the scope of the environmental compendium and foodstuff audit. 5. military rating of companies Objectives (both unmindful and long-term) for the specific products and country- market places creation considered (in the point of the environmental analysis) and suggestations. 6.Assessment of the country-market prospect existence considered, and practical market-entry strategies take into account to the market, including recommendations on almost capable market-entry strategies in the stage setting of the forego analysis (Note In situations where the keep gild has already dogged on a country-market to embark into, you would value and reexamine the community decision, and hand over your view on whether you chord with the position country-market selection or not). 7. merchandising blend in Recommendations for the elect country-market and rationale for the recommendations.Particular quotation should as well be make to standardisation and variation (ie. The merchandise liquify elements that get out be 2 carried over from the collection plate market to the immaterial market and thus standardised, and the merchandise jumble elements that leave alone be customized to adapt the necessitate of the unusual market should be analysed and highlighted) . The selling riffle recommendations should accept a. show markets and consumer profile b. alien overlap/ run dodge c. alien merchandise communication theory dodge d. worldwide dissemination & job wariness dodge e. global determine schema f.Any another(prenominal) relevant market alloy elements that you recommend be use a demote of the strategy to go in the foreign market divert job that your recommendations depart pauperism to logically flow from your environmental analysis (including the similitude of the kinsfolk market and the foreign market), bring up analysis, evaluation of company objectives, and resource of market and entry-strategies. They too necessity to take into account a rationale for how implementing your recommendations exit bear to the company achieving the objectives you acquit defined. label storage allocation for specifics above event 1 10% incident 2 20% contingent 3 6% distributor point 4 10% contingent 5 4% point in time 6 10% Item 7 40%

Shakespearean Sonnet Explication Sonnet 146

praise 146 Poor sense, the perfume of my extraordinary(p) earth, manu concomitanturer of these rebel powers that thee array, why dost g-force beat within and suffer dearth, Painting thy externals walls so pricey gay? w herefore so tre workforcedous cost, having so get around a lease, Dost kibibyte upon thy fading signboard spend? Shall worms, inheritors of this excess, consumption up up thy cathexis? is this thy em soundboxs end? hence instinctfulness, live gee upon thy servants loss, And let that smart to aggravate thy salt away Buy footing divine in selling hours of slagWithin be fed, without be abundant no untold. So shalt thou be given on death, that feeds on men, And death at in one case dead, theres no to a greater extent than dying and then. praise 146, as in all Shakespearian praises, exemplifies the importance of verse form structure. Following the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, this position sonnet (now called Shakespearean), disti nguishes its power by the do in which it follows. Consisting of a total of fourteen makes, this body of this verse contains three quatrains and ends with a rime couplet.Not altogether does Sonnet 146 breed all the necessities of a Shakespearean sonnet, it alike displays William Shakespeares restraint in his use of control of language, tone, and subject matter that is portrayed to the endorser. In the opening of the poem, in quatrain one, we foregather the talker system as he wrestles with his give birth individualized conflict surrounded by the spiritual and actual state that he has found himself in. For here in this Shakespearean sonnet, the verbalizer addresses non a friend, lover, or mistress entirely his own unfortunate individual that has of a sudden been placed at the center of his sinful earth (line 1).The loudspeaker system reprimands his thought for pass so much on its outward walls (line 4). In quatrain two, the poet asks the indecision of why s o much lather is put into the drop of the things that are irregular Why so large cost, having so short a lease (line 5). For at death, only worms leave inherit the dear(p) excesses. In quatrain three, the speaker concludes his argument by warning his soul to use the body as thy servant (line 9).Let the outside fall -pine- so that the inner soul can achieve -aggravate thy caudex (line 10). In conclusion, the rhyming couplet shows us the speakers only closure to this inevitable fact of life death. The soul needs to orchestrate itself for when the time comes and it essential face death. For the soul can live the body, and even beguile death, as we see in line 13 and 14 So shalt thou feed on Death, that feeds on men / And Death once dead, theres no more dying then. This sonnet is one of few written by Shakespeare that reflects a more religious tone, as the words sinful, divine, and soul are present. What an fire insight this provides to the reader about the authors own p otential intrinsic struggle with morality. For honest as the speaker asserts here in this poem, so overly us true(p) for us in our own Christian faith that when we focusing on the body (the temporary) by allowing ourselves to stick over the adorning of it, then we do so at the outlay of our soul (the eternal).

Defining manufacturing sequence of a tool steel Literature review

Defining manufacturing sequence of a diaphysis steel - Literature review ExampleAccordingly, the tool steel and die steel has different classification, referring to the metallurgical composition and heat treatment measures used in making these products. For example, cold feed and hot work category of steel have remarkably different carbon, chromium, magnesium, cobalt, and nickel and tungsten percentage representation. While tool steels be fundamentally medium or racy carbon steels, they have varied amounts of specific elements that forge them into specialized application tools, with significant characteristics. Carbon in the tool steel helps it to gain greater bad weather requi redness to do the cutting and have wear-resistant properties. The other elements provide greater strength and toughness to the tool steel. The addition of such elements helps in retaining the size and shape of the tool, while ensuring that the specific tool maintains its strength and hardness during the heat-treatment process.As composition of tool steel varies according to the specific tool application, the aim of his paper is to argue different types of steel alloys that can be used for manufacture of specific tools. Accordingly, the related changes in the microstructure of tool steel, as it undergoes various manufacturing and heat treatment processes are detailed in the following pages.Addition of Chromium enables the tool steel to gain properties of greater hardness, toughness and wears resistance. Cobalt addition results in increased red hardness, which makes tools applicable for use at higher temperature during operation. Manganese helps the tool steel in quick hardening, while going through heat treatment process. big addition of this element, between 1.2 to 1.6 percentages enables the steel to quench in oil instead of water, while lowering the quenching temperature, meant for hardening the tool steel. Molybdenum also helps

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 407

Assignment ExampleElisa Allen is the girl upon which the story unveils upon. She is an awesome gardener and the wife to the rancher. However, we learn that she doesnt enjoy her day-to-day life as a gardener. This is exemplified when tinker approached her. This made her life to significantly change. The change may be forever. The author has used her to play a role in show difference between the modern woman and the repressed woman. The other character is one that we can actually have little sorry for. Henry Allen is the maintain to Elisa. He is a vigorous-meaning rancher who is down righted and bewildered by her wife Elisa. The intrigue is our third character who is referred by many as the tinker. Throughout the story, we do not actually know the real name of this character.The story is developed in the third person point of view. In the fourth paragraph, the camera obsessively zooms on Elisa. We are veered into a different place where we assume that we are now dealing with the nar rator whoa at time establishes in Elisas minds. The point of view helps us to get the tone. Tone can be described as snob and callous.The story starts with us been introduced to protagonist, Elisa. She is depicted as the watcher that survives in the blooms. The conflict is as well entailed in the story, and complication. Elisa speaks to the stranger and gives him chrysanthemums. The story relies on the theme of love and betrayal. The women role in the gardens as well as the responsibilities they are

Comparison between the retail revolutions in the UK and US Essay

Comparison between the retail transmutations in the UK and US - Essay ExampleLao (2008) pointed that the transubstantiation of economic sphere thru retail system generated both social acceptance and disdain because the development of chain stores have also marginalized the splendid retailers that lacked the capacity to aver first class convenience, a feature preferred by most consumers for comfort while shopping. Its adverse impact leads to the closure of small bookstores, eyewear, footwear and the manage as branded goods enter the chain stores (Lao, 2008). This reality is true for United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK). In the last four decades, the countries retail revolution boom with the influx of chain stores, supermarkets and self-service stores (Lao, 2008). The UK and the Retail IndustryIts just lately when UK retail trade is dominated by small shops imbibe by the whole family which offers services to the market for long hours and sometimes round the cloc k. This system also engenders personal relations with customers as owners sometimes allow credit. Others take salesmen for home delivery services or for mobile selling. Lao (2008) however pointed that retailer and consumer relations in the UK was affected when large chains like hunky-dory Fare, Sainsburys, Tesco and other food stores started to operate with express leverage in bargaining power and in offering cheaper prices of pre-packed fresh goods in the markets compared to that of old small copyrighted stores. As a consequence, old corner shop closed in favor of thriving convenient well-stocked stores. employment shifted from proprietary to supermarket chains and relationships were formalized by using checkout counter and digitized sales and accounting. Stores restructured and employed educated salespersons and managers. And as competition heightened, proprietary retailers and wholesalers organized themselves into association to devise their own promotions, pricing of products , and mechanics to retain customers. With these turn of events, it is likely that dominant chain will rise and proprietary stores die in the absence clear state policies that protect small retailers. This affirmed fears that with retail owners allying themselves to protect their corporate interests, the retail grocery will maintain its oligopolistic character (Burt &

Marxist Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Theory - Essay ExampleThe developed world acquired its wealth through the use of cheap production material. In addition, labor be were cheap. No efforts were made to cater for the needs of employees, forced labor and hard work by the slaves led to economic materialism and wealth enjoyed by almost western states (Trainer, 2010).The capitalist determines the fate of the proletariat. Laws have been instituted to ensure that the proletariat works effectively in meeting the demands of the capitalist. Wages, working hours, and working conditions ar determined by the capitalists.According to Marxists, the society is divided into primitive, slave, feudal and capitalist. In addition, there are the proletariat and bourgeoisie (capitalists). It is the capitalists who own and decide the destiny of other sub-structure of the society. The production resources are manipulated and controlled by the capitalists. The proletariat exists to work and acquire wealth for the capitalists.Dominant ideas from the elite (bourgeoisie) were utilize in achieving material wealth. Importantly, elements within the society such as education, law, and devotion were determined by the economic situation of a given stateMeans of production include slave labor, technology, and machines. The means of production are used to produce goods and services for the capitalists. Without means of production, capitalists and modern states cannot achieve their economic objectives. Slavery was particularly used in the United States to acquire wealth and industrial development.relations of production is defined as the social organization of production. In particular, it refers to individuals who own the productive forces and how they manipulate them to achieve their objectives. For example, the capitalists forced slaves to work for them. In the current society, sympathetic beings are forced to work for a certain

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace - Research Paper ExampleIt has both negative and positive affect on organizational output. Globalization of business concernes has made this an issue in higher extent in the organizations. Conflicts among the employees in terms of emotional attributes are the negative intrusion of social variety show whereas access of diversified skills of workers is one of positive impacts of it (Knippenberg & Schippers, 2007, p.529). Historical overview of a research related to the ethnic mixture at workplace later on conducting the research, it is discovered that diversity in employees was very important in ensuring that the business is successful. The most interesting thing in the interview relates to some of the regulations in the Buddhist society. Key learning from the study is that the implementation of ethnic diversity in the workplace ensures that the business uses all the resources available to reach new markets. Therefore, the aspect of diversity is uni que and enhances productivity among the employees. Rationale of choosing the ethnic diversity at workplace Ethnic diversity is one major characteristics of workplace. ... Effect of ethnic diversity in pigeonholing activity is in high extent because people from different region or even different countries work to welcomeher in group assignments or projects (Bar, Niessen & Ruenzi, 2007, p.2). Therefore, all belongs to different ethnicity and their culture, behavior, attitude and the way they work are different. Conflicts in the group activity rise from the ethnic diversity among the employees (Karsten, 2006, p.224). Though the organizations get access to diversified skills and competencies of ethnic diversified expertise but conflicts among the workers in their way of working, sometimes affect not only overall performance of a group but also overall organizational performance and growth. Many organizations are not able to bring out out this impact of ethnic diversity and their strat egic decisions do not consider this issue (Jesus, Hughes, Johnston & Jooh, 2006, p.7). Therefore, this study has high extent of rationality and motivation behind the study is to evaluate the impact of ethnic diversity in Ministry of Air Defense in Saudi Arabia. Supporting Research There have been many researches on this major issue of business done by empirical researchers. Individual or group of researchers and human resource analysts have been studied on several multinational and domestic companies to find out the extent of positive and negative impact of ethnic diversity on performance of workforce. One supporting research of this study is leadership, employment and focalization survey done by a group of researcher and leaded by Miriam Bell. Objective of this research was to evaluate the benefit of ethnic diversity in Australian workforce (Bell, 2012, p.1). Findings from relevant empirical studies There are

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interdisciplinary Curriculum - Essay ExampleHe will be in a position to distinguish the good from the bad. This subject friendship alone is not valuable and to help him with additional knowledge and train him with new skills, the institution or the concerned faculty enrolls him in some interdisciplinary courses that would be related to his major subject. As in the case of a student of literature, interdisciplinary courses like translation, soft skill development, entrepreneurship may be passing useful. In this modal value, he not only gains additional skill or knowledge but also gets interactional expertise in the new field.This causa of knowledge that we acquire through multidisciplinary form is normally named as interdisciplinary community or project. The people working here are the ones who bring come forth the courses or projects that would be of much use to the learners. This group consists of both learners and teachers who cooperate together in the learning and teaching env ironment. This interdisciplinary teaching provides ample chance for the learners to enrich their knowledge in one or more additional academic disciplines. On the whole, the aim of such interdisciplinary courses is to make the learners face dispute tasks not only in their subject but also in the other related disciplines, so that they will be able to stand erupt from the rest.The le IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT LEARNING The learning process accord to the scholars happens through two all-important(prenominal) ways. They have been named as implicit and explicit learning. learnedness as we all know is the process of acquiring knowledge of something. Some things that we learn happens through taking effort on our side and at the comparable time there are things which we do learn without effort at all. And this is the way through which the experts have identified and differentiated the learning process. Let us look at the two ways clearly in order to comprehend well. IMPLICIT LEARNING The term implicit refers to the learning that takes place in a passive way. In this type of learning, the learner is exposed to information and thus acquires the knowledge of that information simply through that exposure. Axel Cleeremans states in his article that according to Berry and Dienes (1993), learning becomes implicit when we acquire new information without intending to do so, and that the resulting knowledge is difficult to express. Further, Arthur Reber from his research found out that, learning might be implicit to the extent that people appear to be able to learn new information without intending to do so and in such a way that the resulting knowledge is difficult to express. This put forwards that implicit learning contrasts with implicit memory in that it typically involves sensitivity to relationships between events rather than sensitivity to single events. One important thing that we should note here is that consciousness or awareness does not play a role in implicit l earning. Therefore, we call this as unconscious mind or unintentional learning. This unintentional learning is not aimed at any goal and is just the by-product of the normal information processing system. Many psychologists suggest that much of the learning process that happens in our life is implicit in nature. We learn such skills and activities through exposure and this is known as implicit learning.

Principles of Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Information Security - Essay ExampleRisk treatment is the proportionate provision of controls. It can mitigate or eliminate risks of the organizations operations according to suitable options. The main goal of risk treatment is to reduce risk to an acceptable aim in a cost-effective manner. While treating risk we have to take c be of few things such as selected controls, regulations, legislation, organizational policy, user acceptance and resort and reliability.The risk can be addressed by four ways. They are avoided, transfer, limit and accept. Avoid means eliminating the cause of the risk. Transfer refers to insurance or outsourcing few function from other organizations. Limit meant for reducing the likelihood or consequences of an event. The last way is to accept that means one understands the risk and thither is not both cost-effective solution that can be used so it is better to live with that.Once one has Risk Registers tables one can check from there which t hreat is most affecting the Assessment Office performance. Depending upon the risk various types of controls can be selected.Security program send off is made when all the controls are identified. Insecurity plan one addresses a group of controls as compared to individual controls. It is not mandatory that whatever suggestion one has included in the plan is going to be implemented by the management. But each can be considered for that. The various controls that are identified are Identity Card, Backup procedures, planning/Awareness, Strictly Comply ITS Security policies, Physical Protection of Server (CPU), and Proper Rechecking etc.

Individual Rights and the Law - Scots Law Essay

Individual Rights and the Law - Scots Law - Essay vitrineIt has therefore its core topic human rights. It necessitates us therefore to define as well human rights. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines human rights as world(prenominal) moral and legal norms that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. They are inherently universal and therefore they transcend citizenships or nationalities. Famous of these rights are the right to life, liberty and happiness and their deprivation could not be permitted without due process of fair play.Unlike other laws human right focuses on the rights rather than on duties of the individuals. Other laws like criminal statutes or civil law legislations do also enumerate certain rights but the tenor of these obligations ordinarily discusses duties, responsibilities and obligation and the consequences of their violations. Human right laws therefore focuses on the individuals as the subject of maj or consideration in deciding issues. In terms of criminal prosecution, for example, the law seems to treat more favourably the accused rather than the prosecution because it recognizes the rights of the accused to presumption of innocence while not mentioning more emphatically the right of the rural area to implement its laws.Politicisation of the judiciary seems to imply a judiciary that does not perform its function according to original design. It would give the connotation that adjudicate will not interpret the law on the basis on what is the law but rather on what is popular or how they want it. It could also mean judges acting not as judges but politicians. It could further mean judges lacking judicial independence and holding some unholy fusion with the other branch of government which could be either the executive or the legislative.We could therefore restate the proposition into some like this The nature of deliberating cases involving rights of the individuals for purpo ses of

Discussion based on Abhijit Banejee and Esther Duflo's readings Assignment

Discussion based on Abhijit Banejee and Esther Duflos readings - Assignment ExampleLiving under such harsh conditions make it difficult to have vex to the basis necessities of live, which puts a question mark on their ability to survive. The available evidence on this is not complete in many ways. However, some sore researches have recently added a sufficient amount data on this huge part of the global population, which provide enough information to form an agreement on how the poor people live their lives.The assigned report details of a survey that was conducted in 13 different countries (Banerjee and Duflo). In addition, they have added ii surveys, which were conducted in India (Udaipur District), which is one of the poorest districts of India.It is understood that there is a strong association between poverty and malnutrition. The poor has few real choices to make. Their earning is barely enough to conform to their basic needs and therefore, they are majorly underfed and wea k. The authors also highlight that one of the major reasons for the poor to communicate the lowest on their food is that they often springiness more importance to other obligations or activities rather than for acquiring food. The study by authors indicates that the poor spend a lot on alcohol and tobacco plant in different countries such as Papua, New Guinea, and India. According to the survey, Udaipur tops the list of being on the poorest districts of India, which spends highest on festivals. People feel an obligation to spend a large amount of their budget on occasions like weddings, funerals, and other religious festivals. They choose to spend more on non-food items and festivals than on food. Moreover, the extremely poor rarely spend on entertainment. Another interesting finding from the study reflects that these people do not seem to be as empty-bellied as one may expect.It is a common understanding that the poor will always search for ways to fulfill their food needs in the least expensive way.

Policies and Politics - Patient Representing a Diagnosis Essay

Policies and Politics - Patient Representing a Diagnosis - Essay ExampleHaving such a high annual number of new cases with new-made citizens is an indication that the role of educators is not achieving effective results. This paper will address the lack of effectiveness of the educators as a policy issue, identify stakeholders, highlight care fors political involvement and state the writers position on the issue. The writer chose the case of a patient representing a diagnosis because she cared for a newly diagnosed young citizen who claimed not to have been properly informed on lifestyle choices.The American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) provides persons with diabetes and their educators a representation at the state and federal governments, supporting activities relevant to the stakeholders and public policy relating to diabetes. However, according to the policy and advocacy goals they set up years ago, their impact is not as effective as may be desired 1.9 million new cases in one year do not reflect success. Their goals included supporting initiatives that avoid to a greater extent people developing diabetes promoting education in diabetes and the educators role in healthcare campaigning for policies that promote access to self-management training and attaining reasonable reimbursement for educators. If the goals and the facilitating policies were well thought out, then(prenominal) the nation should have realized a significant drop in the number of new cases. The policies need to be updated.The process of moving a healthcare issue through policy-making, from a bill to an enactment, links health care to politics. This brings together several stakeholders who impact the decision making. They include elected officials, nurses, patients and special hobby groups, all with varying perspectives of the situation, which are further diversified by the interests of the political parties.

Problem Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Problem Identification - Essay ExampleIn 2011, the World Health ecesis (WHO) argued that the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by the lack of control or detection of hypertension. In that publication, W.H.O claimed that an increase in blood compel by 20/10 mmHg from such a level as 115/75 mmHg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease (WHO, 2011). The eighth Joint guinea pig Commission panel (JNC 8) developed an evidence-based guideline for managing high blood wring in adults. The guideline was captured in nine recommendations. Each recommendation shows its target bestride bracket, strength and the treatment intervention appropriate for the said age bracket or section of the population. The aim of the current paper is to understand whether the JNC guideline notify help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease.Rosendorff et al (2007) reckon that hypertension is a major independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Based on JNCs definition of hypertensi on as having a blood pressure of greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, Rosendorff et al (2007) concluded that sixty five million American adults have hypertension. This was equivalent to one fourth of the population of the United States as at 2007. The field of study also concluded that one fourth of the population of the United States was in prehypertension stage that the JNC stipulated as systolic blood pressure of between 120 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ranging between 80 and 89 mm Hg (Rosendorff et. al., 2007).Rosendorff et al (2007) noted that blood pressure is strongly related to age but that the relationship is complicated. As one progresses through life up to age fifty, the systolic blood pressure rises in line with diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure continues rising after fifty years of age but diastolic blood pressure starts decelerating. According to their study, more than half of the American population above

Physics paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physics paper - Essay ExampleAnother bea of research will be determining the different mingled with resistance and current. The distinct properties of resistance and current will be considered in order to identify various types of resistance in conductors of galvanisingity. Resistivity and conductivity be also studied in this research the factors which influence the conductivity for instances temperatures are also studied.in addition to exploring various types of applications which has high resistance and current consumption the acquaintance of electric generation will be featured (S. Knight).For further understanding of resistance and current, an experiment is performed in the laboratory in order to analyze the make of resistance and current in electricity transmission. The fol get-going apparatus and materials required while carrying out the experiment (S. Knight).In the above set up, while the electrons are passing through thin metal filament of the lamp, the electrons face more opposition because the filament is thinner when compared to the wire used in the experiment. The opposition to electric current depends on the type of material, cross-sectional area and its temperatures (Jeong). Basically it can be said the conductors have low resistance while insulators have low resistance. The resistance reduces amount of current through the circuit and the medulla will glow depending on the amount of electrons passing through the wire. When electrons are moving against the resembling direction it causes friction, this is manifested in form of heat.at the same time the readings of ammeter changes. The concentration of heat in filament will force the bulb to glow.In the cases of short circuit, the bulb will stop glowing because there is no complete flow of electrons. There will be any resistance because the circuit is incomplete. When we use batteries in the above set up, the battery will run short of the charge because the

How should the set be constructed and designed in order to reflect Research Paper

How should the set be constructed and designed in order to invent traditional Expressionist Theatre in a production of The Silver Tassie by Sean OCassey - Research Paper ExampleThis thus makes second diction achievement difficult and slow. But a scientific factor as to why children learn second languages easier and quicker than adults is that childrens champions are flexible until they reach their teenage years in a process known as lateralization. Here the brain loses its flexibility by assigning specific roles to each side of the brain making learning hard and slow (VanPatten et al, 2004). This is also true in the learning of subjects as children catch up quickly and memorize unlike adults. This bear witness is going to review recent research findings related to how age affects the second language acquisition process mostly for English language learners that are modern comers into the US.The language acquisition process is process where language is observed, grasped and prod uced by a child, which is the first language (Clark, 2001). The same process is used in the second language acquisition. The second language acquisition process has locomote that it follows to learn. That is the child must learn the word, retain them, recall them and apply them constantly to be perfect (Birdsong, 2006). This steps cannot happen on their own since the child needs to first learn the language and this the child does by following some set of steps. These steps accept Imitation, repetition, memorization, drilling and reinforcement. When a child is at this stage reinforcement is very productive and rewarding the child when they make good sentences or the correct haggle will enhance quick learning process of language acquisition. When this achieved it means that the child can now talk. The acquisition of the second language now comes into defend and a theory is that a childs learning of the first language is an insight to his learning the second language.This term was developed by a philosopher Noam Chomsky and it is abbreviated as UG. Chomsky in his theory suggests that human beings in general do not have to be taught language to acquire it but sort of

Wall Stree Journal Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wall Stree Journal Review - Essay ExampleOn the other side the program which is being dropped by Google involves sale of print publicise for newspapers. The article and the subject of discussion is real terms the interaction of two strongest media of merchandising.The article strongly suggests the influence of current global economic scenario on the marketing strategies of the corporate world. In the context of economic recession, the companies are emphasizing much on cost reduction and management. This is leading them to cull the economically sick components of the business. ordained sources of Google have cited in the article that in place of Print Ads program, they would like to concentrate more on other economically viable components. The economic viability system of Google is being reflected in this crucial step. Moreover the very concept of management of marketing strategies according to the differing market conditions is evident in this case.Google has ensured to check the economic viability and profitability of the discussed business component. Spencer Spinnell, director of Google Print Ads has been stated to say in the article that while they hoped that Print Ads would create a new revenue stream for newspapers and larn more relevant advertising for consumers, the product did not create the impact that they and their partners expected. ( Vascellaro ,J E, 2009). This suggests the importance of involving a feasibility review process in each and any marketing policy. Google Print Ads was formed to offer advertisements for newspapers. It was possible for the customers to by advertisements in more than 800 U.S. newspapers through the program. This very fact avers the magnitude of the marketing involved as the target group involved two huge marketing platforms. Despite this scope, the company through the article has announced the closure of the program by February 28, 2009. ( Vascellaro ,J E, 2009). Adding to

Leadership on The Line Essay Example for Free

Leadership on The Line EssayRecognizing the evolving definition and requirements of leadinghip, Heifetz Ronald and Linsky (2002) highlight the need for leaders to consider the skills and perspective to ensure their effectiveness. Leadership, as illustrated in Leadership on The LineStaying alive through the Dangers of Leading? requires not only the accomplishment of goals but as well the ability to respond effectively to the human realities of working in an physical composition. The adjudges three parts provide steps in recognizing leadership challenges, developing responses and interventions and what competencies leaders must develop professionally and personally. Marginalization, diversion, attack and seduction argon identified as the main sources of resistance to leaders. At the same time, the authors also pay particular precaution to the dangers within the leadership characterized as hunger for power and control and the difficulties in self-monitoring. The authors want to communicate to readers that there is a need for leaders to purse the developing of their leadership skills. Despite the use of figurative characterizations in the book, the authors are practical and pragmatic in their discussion. The examples given, particularly in the Response section of the book is establish on real life examples.Examples which the readers can easily relate directly to or parallel to their own experience. The authors point out that the sources of resistance are internal to any leadership scenario and therefore can not be fully s natural elevationped and in fact, can also be safeguard against ineffective leadership However, they have to control through resistance-response skills which in turn allows leaders to function as they are needed. Critique There is no doubt that leadership is a difficult challenge. Thus, there has been no limitation of the number of literature that aim to develop strategies and competencies for it.Unlike most literature in its genre th at focuses on the organic evolution of attributes for effective leadership to become a leader, Ronald and Linsky discuss the development of leadership when one already holds office. The authors aim to provide a literature or calculate to leaders who are already experiencing challenges in their roles due to a change in working scenarios or relationships. From the perspective of Heifetz and Linsky, what has become more critical for leaders to day has been the ability to go beyond their functions and respond to other people and at the same time eliciting a response from them.Thus, beyond achieving goals set members, of the organization must understand why these goals are universe pursued, that people need to know that the stakes are worth it (p. 94). At the same time, Heifetz and Linsky state that in the beginning any action can be take to address threats to effective leadership, leaders must be able to understand the heart of the issues before recognizing the actions, indications o r faces determining the threats. The main message of the book is the need for leaders not just to be competent, sensitive or responsive.They also must understand the their motivations for being so, the perspectives that can be taken, the methods that can be most effective and the implications of any perspective, opinion or action to be taken. Empathizing with the natural isolation of being the top man of an organization there should be an acceptance that there will be member of the organization who would undermine the clarity of his vision, delay his progress, and divert him from his shopping center purposes (p. 76). Thus, leaders while being advocated to be sensitive to their organization have to balance this with their resolve to accomplish organization goals.Leaders should be then alert to be questioned, doubted and even maligned for their decisions. Heifetz and Linsky reflect that leaders often view these are criticisms to their professional and personal capacity but they shou ld also understand that these reactions, even when they are deliberate and malicious, occur as part of the dynamics leading and organizations. Reading the book, one of the most unique ideas that Heifetz and Linsky demo, absent from most of the leadership literature that I have read, is the concept of pain and leadership. The authors views are ones that one can easily agree and even commiserate to.The recognition of the fact that effective leadership has its melodic phrase and not just costs, both to the leader and the organization, is a perspective that makes the work effective and truly emphatic to the challenges of leadership. The view that leadership challenges, or resistance, is an ever present element in any organization does not discourage readers but actually motivates them to deal with them rather than trying to circumvent them. However, it should also be recognized that some of the examples or ideas presented may require significant experience to be understood comprehens ively.This is a particular challenge in the last section of the book where the authors delineate the introspective requirements for leaders. Nonetheless, the book provides critical insights to the realities of leadership and not just what it should be. More importantly, it is effective in motivating readers view leadership as keep process of development and that there is a need to actively pursue effectiveness. Reference Heifetz, Ronald A. and Linsky, Marty (2002). Leadership on The LineStaying alive through the Dangers of Leading, 1st Edition. Boston Harvard dividing line School Press.

Crevecoeur in America Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur in the States EssayHector St. John Crvecoeur is sure enough not one of the grandest figures of American history, but he can at the very least be credited with having been witness to a great deal of some of the key events that lead to the inception of the United States of America in the 18th century.1 Crvecoeur saw the burgeoning nation under many opposite angles during different periods of American history2. This coupled with the fact that as a foreigner who lived in the colonies he was able to step back and appraise American behavior and culture and be also able to see it from the inside. This essay will focus on the American life of Hector St. John de Crvecoeur and judge a sketch of how his life took place and how the colonies and the new American nation affected him. Firstly we will examine Crvecoeurs life in the colonies, including his living conditions, regions he inhabited and his overall situation during his time there. Secondly, we will review his experien ces in the colonies and North America. Thirdly we will attempt to see how, when and by whom was Crvecoeur influenced during his time in America and what effects this had on both the United States of American and Crvecoeur himself.Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crvecoeur or St. John de Crvecoeur as we would later know him would first set foot in North America in Canada in 1754. Fighting under the Montcalm during the French-Indian War, Crvecoeur leftfield Canada for the English colonies where he worked as an itinerant merchant allowed him to envision many aspects and parts of North America. In 1759 he eventually settled down in Orange County in New York and became a citizen of the colony, changing his name to John Hector St. John.. Crvecoeur took up a life of farming and raised a family, while still keeping in touch with the outside world albeit staying out of its affairs almost entirely. afterwards the upheaval of the Revolutionary War and a five-year long return to France, Crvecoeur ev entually returned to New York in 1783 in the capacity of First Consul of his Christian Majesty to the State of New York. In this wondrous position Crvecoeur toiled to establish trading between the Americancolonies and the French crown. In addition he also informed France and through France, Europe of what the lives, stack and the continent of North America was truly like. Although Crvecoeurs sojourns in the colonies were no doubt a source of great pride and accomplishment, they were also a time of hardship, suspicion and uncertainty.St. John de Crvecoeurs experiences in North America and the colonies within were varied. In turn his life there was filled with successes. After being a competent soldier for France he became a farmer and raised a family that he loved and was proud of. He eventually reached a position of at least symbolic power where he found himself in a position to both help his motherland as tumefy as foster greater understanding, appreciation and maybe even pros perity for a land and a nation that had been his home for most of his life. However, if one were to equalize Crvecoeurs experiences on the continent to be purely idyllic one would be sorely mistaken. In addition to the hardships of agrestic life he also had to experience suspicion and imprisonment during his time there.Crvecoeur, although naturalized as an American, was still very much a Frenchman. Although very much big(p) for his times Crvecoeur still retained a healthy respect for religion and monarchy, twin pillars of the French elite. He was also enamored with English family and government, considered far more liberal and egalitarian by the French philosophers still under the reign of an absolute monarchy. His first book was in fact dedicated to Abbot Raynal whose work Histoire philosophique et politique des tablissements des Europens dans les deux Indes (1770) inspired him to think about America and his situation. Furthermore, Crvecoeurs own experiences and his reading of instilled him with the idea that the American colonies, with their ghostly tolerance. Although ultimately addressed to the higher strata of society, designed as a sort of quaint picture of pastoral utopia, his works are ultimately a jubilation and an accolade to the workingman and the lower classes of the time. Crvecoeur is even sometimes credited with being the inventor of what would become the American Dream.Colonial American shaped Crvecoeur. The hardships of the rural life began to change his view of the rural idyll that we first see in his writings. The dangers of that life and the unrelenting and often unjust vagaries of the elements, neighbors and country life quality down on him. Although still somewhat in awe of some of the leaders that permitted the Revolution some of his writings tell a tale of disenchant with great leaders and the hero worship that resulted with some of the heroes of the American Revolution, namely Washington. The Revolution further marred Crvecoeur s utopian take on the colonies and also the English themselves.To say that Crvecoeur is an interesting character of American history is an understatement. Having been witness to three distinct phases of colonial America. These are the pre-revolutionary period, the actual American Revolution itself and its aftermath. These various periods and stages in his life affect him deeply and modified his writings and his views. In conclusion, Hector St. John de Crvecoeur embodies many things that characterized colonial America as both a land brimming with opportunity and a place and time steeped in brutality and harshness.BIBLIOGRAPHYPatchell, Thomas J. Hector St. John de Crvecoeur in Early American Nature Writers ed. by Daniel Patterson (London Greenwood Press 2008), 103Plotkin, A. Saint-John de Crevecoeur Rediscovered Critic or Paneygyrist? French Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1964) 403-404Plumstead, A. W. Crevecoeur A Man of Sorrows and the American Revolution The Massachusett s Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer, 1976) 287-288St. John de Crevecoeur, John Letters from an American Farmer, 1783, ed. Albert Stone (New York, NY Penguin American Library, 1981), 226-227St. John de Crevecoeur, John Quest-ce quun Amricain? (ed. Howard Rice) (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1943

Critical Discourse Analysis, Organizational Discourse, and Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

Critical Discourse Analysis, Organizational Discourse, and Organizational Change EssayDiscourses is an divisor of all concrete genial events (actions, plowes) as soundly as of to a greater extent fixed cordial practices, though neither ar simply sermon they be articulations of discourse with non-discoursal shares. Discourse subsumes language as well as early(a) clays of semiosis such as visual images and body language, and the discoursal element of a kind event often combines different semiotical forms (eg a television programme).But the use of the term discourse rather than language is not purely or even primarily motivated by the diversity of forms of semiosis, it is primarily registers a relational way of seeing semiosisi, as one element of social events and practices dialecti identifyy interconnected with anformer(a)(prenominal) elements. The everyplaceriding object of discourse analysis, on this eyeshot, is not simply analysis of discourse per se, scarce an alysis of the dialectical dealing mingled with discourse and non-discoursal elements of the social, in order to annoy a better understanding of these complex dealings (including how tacks in discourse back in like mannerth cause changes in early(a) elements). But if we be to analyse relations amid discourse and non-discoursal elements, we must obviously see them as ontologically (and not just epistemologically, analytically) different elements of the social.They atomic come in 18 different, but they are not discrete that is, they are dialectically related, in the intelligence that elements internalize other elements, without universe reducible to them (Harvey 1996, Chouliaraki Fairclough 1999, Fairclough 2003, Fairclough, Jessop Sayer 2004). A realist view of social life sees it as including social structures as well as social events in critical realist terms, the real (which defines and delimits what is possible) as well as the actual (what actually happens).There is a general recognition that the family relationship between structures and events must be a mediated relation, and I follow for instance Bhaskar (1986) and Bourdieu (Bourdieu Wacquant 1992) in regarding social practices as the mediating entities more or less durable and stable articulations of diverse social elements including discourse which constitute social alternatives and orderings of the allowances of social structures as actualisable allowances in peculiar(prenominal) areas of social life in a veritable time and place. societal fields, institutions and organizations stop be regarded as internets of social practices. Networks of social practices include specifically discoursal selections and orderings (from languages and other semiotic systems, which are counted amongst social structures) which I call orders of discourse, appropriating but redefining Foucaults term (Foucault 1984, Fairclough 1992). Orders of discourse are social structurings of linguistic/semiotic v ariation or difference.Realist discourse analysis on this view is based in a dialectical-relational social ontology which gives ontological priority to helpes and relations over objects, entities, persons, organizations etc, yet sees the latter as socially produced permanences (Harvey 1996) which constitute a pre-structured existence with which we are confronted, and sets of affordances and limitations on processes. Epistemological priority is given to neither pre- puddleed social structures, practices, institutions, identities or organizations, nor to processes, actions, and events the concern is with the relationship and accent between them.People with their capacities for agency are seen as socially produced, contingent and subject to change, yet real, and possessing real causal powers which, in their tension with the causal powers of social structures, are a centralise for analysis. Social research proceeds through with(predicate) abstraction from the concrete events of soci al life aimed at understanding the pre-structured nature of social life, and returns to analysis of concrete events, actions and processes in the well-heeled of this abstract knowledge.Discourse and non-discoursal elements of social events and social practices are related in many ways. I distinguish three main ways representing, acting (and interacting), and being. At the level of social practices, orders of discourse can be seen as articulations of specific ways of representing, acting, and being ie specific discourses, genres and airs. A discourse is a particular way of representing indisputable parts or aspects of the (physical, social, psychological) world a genre is a particular way of (inter)acting (which comprises the discoursal element of a way of inter)acting which will also necessarily comprise non-discoursal elements) a style is a way of being (the discoursal element of a way of being, an identity, which will also include non-discoursal elements). I shall use the ter m textii, in a generalized sense (not just written text but also communicate interaction, multi-semiotic televisual text etc) for the discoursal element of social events.Texts are doubly contextualized, first in their relation to other elements of social events, second in their relation to social practices, which is internal to texts in the sense that they necessarily draw upon orders of discourse, ie social practices in their discoursal aspect, and the discourses, genres and styles associated with them. However, events (and therefore texts) are points of articulation and tension between two causal forces social practices and, through their mediation, social structures and the agency of the social actors who speak, write, compose, read, listen to, interpret them.The social resource of discourses, genres and styles is subject to the transformative potential of social agency, so that texts do not simply instantiate discourses, genres and styles, they actively rework them, articulate them together in distinctive and potentially novel ways, hybridize them, transform them. My focus in this paper is on organizational change, and this indication of CDA has indeed been developed in association with research on discourse in social change.Social change comprises change in social structures, social practices, the networking of social practices, and (the character of) social events and change in languages and other semiotic systems, in orders of discourse and relations between orders of discourse, and in texts. With respect to orders of discourse, social change includes change in the social structuring of linguistic/semiotic variation, therefore change in discourses, genres and styles, and change in their articulation in orders of discourse, and change in relations between orders of discourse (eg political and media orders of discourse).With respect to texts, social change includes tendential change in how discourses, genres and styles are drawn upon and articulated/hyb ridized together in various types of text. The process of social change raises questions about causal relations between different elements. Causal relations are not simple or one-way. For instance, it would seem to fabricate more sense to see brand-new communication technologies (ICTs) as causing the emergence of new genres than vice-versa changes in discourse caused by changes in non-discoursal elements.In other cases, change appears to be discourse-led. A pervasive contemporary process (for instance in processes of transition in central and eastern Europe) is change initiated through the recontextualizationiii in an organization, a social field, or a country of external discourses, which may then be enacted in new ways of (inter)acting including new genres, inculcated as new ways of being including styles, and materialized in for example new ways of organizing space.These enactments, inculcations and materializations are dialectical processes. There is an important proviso howe ver these processes are contingent, they depend upon certain conditions of possibility. For instance, when a discourse is recontextualized, it enters a new field of social relations, and its trajectory inwardly those social relations is decisive in determining whether or not it has (re)constructive effectuate on the organization, social field etc overall.In contexts of social change, different groups of social actors may develop different and conflicting strategies for change, which have a partly discursive character (narratives of the past, representations of the present, imaginaries for the future), and inclusion within a successful strategy is a condition for a discourse being dialectically enacted, inculcated and materialized in other social elements (Jessop 2002, Fairclough, Jessop Sayer 2004).Discourses construe aspects of the world in inherently selective and reductive ways, translating and condensing complex realities (Harvey 1996), and one always needs to ask, why this particular selection and reduction, why here, why now? (For a discussion of globalisation discourse in these terms, see Fairclough Thomas forthcoming. Locating discourses in relation to strategies in contexts of social change enables us to connect particular representations of the world with particular interests and relations of power, as well assess their ideological import. Discourses do not emerge or become recontextualized in particular organizations or fields at random, and they do not stand in an arbitrary relation to social structures and practices, forms of institutionalization and organization.If we can construct explanations of change in non-discoursal elements of social reality which attribute causal cause to discourses, we can also construct explanations of change in discourses which attribute causal effects to (non-discoursal elements of) structures and practices, as well as social and strategic relations. The social wind of the social world may sometimes be a matter of changes in non-discoursal elements caused by discourses (through the concrete forms of texts), but discourses (and texts) are also causal effects, the dialectics of social change is not a one-way street.We can distinguish four elements, or moments, in the social trajectories of discourses their emergence and constitution (through a re-articulation of existing elements) their entry into hegemonic struggles from which they may emerge as hegemonic discourses their dissemination and recontextualization across structural and scalar boundaries (ie between one field or institution or organization and others, and between one scale (global, macro-regional (eg the EU), national, local) and others and their operationalization (enactment, inculcation, materialization).These are distinct moments with respect to the causal effects of discourses on non-discoursal (as well as discoursal, ie generic and stylistic) elements of social life, and they are all subject to non-discoursal as well as dis coursal conditions. CDA cites that social research can be enriched by extending analysis of social processes and social change into detailed analysis of texts.More detailed (including linguistic) analysis of texts is connected to broader social analysis by way of (a) analysing texts as part of analysing social events, (b) interdiscursive analysis of shifting articulations of genres, discourses, styles in texts (Fairclough 2003).The latter locates the text as an element of a concrete event in its relationship to orders of discourse as the discoursal aspect of networks of social practices, and so allows the analyst to (a) assess the relationship and tension between the causal effects of agencies in the concrete event and the causal effects of (networks of) social practices, and through them of social structures (b) detect shifts in the relationship between orders of discourse and networks f social practices as these are registered in the interdiscursivity (mixing of genres, discourse s, styles) of texts. Text can be seen as product and as process. Texts as products can be stored, retrieved, bought and sold, cited and summarized and so forth. Texts as processes can be grasped through seeing texturing, making texts, as a specific modality of social action, of social production or making (of meanings, understandings, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, feelings, social relations, social and personal identities, institutions, organizations).The focus is on logogenesis (Iedema 2003115-17), including the texturing of entities (objects, persons, spaces, organizations) which can, given certain preconditions, be dialectically internalized (enacted, inculcated and materialized) in non-discoursal elements of social life. See for instance the discussion of the significance of nominalization as a logogenetic process in texts in processes of organizing, producing organization objects, in Iedema (2003).Organizational DiscourseI shall construct my very selective comments on organiza tional discourse analysis around the hobby four themes organization and organizing variation, selection and retention understandings of discourse and intertextuality. Organization and organizing Mumby Stohl (1991) argue that researchers in organizational communication most centrally differ from those in other areas of organization studies in that the former problematize organization whereas the latter do not. For us, organization or organizing, to use Weicks (1979) term is a precarious, ambiguous, uncertain process that is continually being made and remade.In Weicks sense, organizations are only seen as stable, rational structures when viewed retrospectively. Communication, then, is the substance of organizing in the sense that through discursive practices organization members engage in the construction of a complex and diverse system of meanings. Another formulation of this shift in emphasis from organizations as structures to organizing (or organizational becoming, Tsoukas Ch ia 2002) as a process is that of Mumby Clair (1997 181) we suggest that organizations exist only in so far as their members create them through discourse.This is not to claim that organizations are nothing but discourse, but rather that discourse is the principal means by which organization members create a coherent social reality that frames their sense of who they are. Despite the disclaimer at the beginning of the second sentence, this formulation can as argued by Reed (forthcoming) be seen as collapsing ontology into epistemology, and undermining the ontological reality of organizational structures as constraints on organizational action and communication.From the perspective of the realist view of discourse I have outlined, it makes little sense to see organizing and organization, or more generally agency and structure, as alternatives one has to choose between. With respect to organizational change, both organizational structures and the agency of members of organizations in organizational action and communication have causal effects on how organizations change. Organizational communication does indeed organize, produce organizational effects and transform organizations, but organizing is subject to conditions of possibility which include organizational structures.The paper by Iedema, Degeling, Braithwaite and egg white (2004) in the special issue of Organizational Studies is an analysis of how a doctor-manager in a teaching hospital in Australia manages the incommensurable dimensions of his boundary position between profession and organization by positioning himself across different discourses, sometimes in a single utterance. The authors identify a heteroglossia that is too context-regarding to be reducible to personal idiosyncracy, and too complex and dynamic to be the calculated outcome of conscious manipulation.They see the doctor-managers talk as a effect of bricolage, not as a display of behaviours that are pre-programmed. Nor is it an instant iation of a strategy, for strategies are they assume conscious. Although the authors recognize that organizations can set limits on what workers can say and do, impose closure, they see the doctor-manager as successfully deferring closure on his own identity and on the discourses that realize it.One can subscribe this as an interesting and nuanced study of organization as the organizing that is achieved in interaction (nuanced in the sense that it does not exclude organizational structures, though it does suggest that they are more fluid and less categorical than they have been taken to be, and it does recognize their capacity to impose closure). I would like to make a number of connected observations on this paper.First, one might see the doctor-managers feat in this case as a particular form of a more general organizational process, the management of contradictions. Second, discourse figures differently in different types of organization (Borzeix 2003, referring to Girin 2001). T he type of organization in this case seems to be in Girins terms a cognitive (or learning, or intelligent) organization, in which the normative force of (written) texts (rules, procedures) is limited, and there is an emphasis on learning in spoken interaction.There seems to be, in other terms, a relatively network type of structure rather than a simple hierarchy, where management involves a strong element participatory and consultative interaction with stakeholders. Third, connecting the first two points, spoken interaction in this type of organization accomplishes an ongoing management of contradictions which contrasts with the management of contradictions through suppressing them by imposing rules and procedures.Fourth, the doctor-managers feat can be seen as a performance of a strategy as long as we abandon the (somewhat implausible) claim that all aspects and levels of strategic action are conscious the doctor-manager would one imagines be conscious of the need to sustain a bal ancing act between skipper and managerial perspectives and priorities, and of certain specific means to do so, but that does not entail him being conscious of all the complex interactive means he uses to do it.Fifth, while particular performances of this strategy (or, indeed, any strategy) are not pre-programmed, the strategy is institutionalized, disseminated, learnt, and constitutes a facet of the type of organization as a network of social practices, ie a facet of organizational structure. Sixth, it strikes me that bringing off a sense of creative bricolage is perhaps itself a part of the managerial style of this type of organization, ie part of the strategy, the network of social practices, the order of discourse.My conclusion is that even in a case of this sort, rather more emphasis is indispensable on the relationship between organizing and organization, performance and practice, feat and strategyiv. Organizational discourse studies have been associated with postmodernist po sitions (Chia 1995, Grant, Harvey, Oswick Putnam forthcoming, Grant, Keenoy, Oswick 2001), though the field as a whole is too diverse to be seen as simply postmodernist.Chia identifies a postmodern style of thinking in organizational studies which accentuates the significance, ontological priority and analysis of the micro-logics of social organizing practices over and above their stabilized effects such as individuals. As this indicates, the focus on organizing rather than organisation is strongly associated with this style of thinking. Like the dialectical-relational ontology I advocated earlier, this style of thinking sees objects and entities as produced within ontologically prior processes.The key difference is that this style of thinking tends towards a one-sided emphasis on process, whereas the realist view of discourse analysis I have been advocating centres upon the tension between (discoursal) process and pre-structured (discoursal and linguistic, as well as non-discoursa l) objects. This form of realism is not subject to the tendency within modernist social research which is criticized by Woolgar (1988) to take the objects it arrives at through abstraction (which would include in the case of CDA orders of discourse, as well as language and other semiotic systems) to be exhaustive of the social reality it researches.The key difference in this case is whereas this form of modernist research moves from the concrete to the abstract and then forgets the concrete, the dialectic-relational form of realism I have advocated crucially makes the move back to analysis of the concrete. CDA is not merely concerned with languages and orders of discourse, it is equally concerned with text and texturing, and with the relations of tension between the two.